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| Title: Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network , United States , 2006 .
| | Author: | | Journal: MMWR Surveill Summ Citation: V : 58 P : 1-20 . Year: 2009 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20023608 Accession (PMID): 20023608 | | Abstract: PROBLEM/CONDITION : Autism spectrum disorders ( ASDs ) are a group of developmental disabilities characterized by atypical development in socialization , communication , and behavior .
ASDs typically are apparent before age 3 years , with associated impairments affecting multiple areas of a persons life .
Because no biologic marker exists for ASDs , identification is made by professionals who evaluate a childs developmental progress to identify the presence of developmental disorders .
REPORTING PERIOD : 2006 .
METHODS : Earlier surveillance efforts indicated that age 8 years is a reasonable index age at which to monitor peak prevalence .
The identified prevalence of ASDs in US children aged 8 years was estimated through a systematic retrospective review of evaluation records in multiple sites participating in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring ( ADDM ) Network .
Data were collected from existing records in 11 ADDM Network sites ( areas of Alabama , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , Missouri , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Wisconsin ) for 2006 .
To analyze changes in identified ASD prevalence , CDC compared the 2006 data with data collected from 10 sites ( all sites noted above except Florida ) in 2002 .
Children aged 8 years with a notation of an ASD or descriptions consistent with an ASD were identified through screening and abstraction of existing health and education records containing professional assessments of the childs developmental progress at health-care or education facilities .
Children aged 8 years whose parent ( s ) or legal guardian ( s ) resided in the respective areas in 2006 met the case definition for an ASD if their records documented behaviors consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition , text revision ( DSM-IV-TR ) criteria for autistic disorder , pervasive developmental disorder--not otherwise specified ( PDD NOS ) , or Asperger disorder .
Presence of an identified ASD was determined through a review of data abstracted from developmental evaluation records by trained clinician reviewers .
RESULTS : For the 2006 surveillance year , 2 , 757 ( 0 . 9% ) of 307 , 790 children aged 8 years residing in the 11 ADDM sites were identified as having an ASD , indicating an overall average prevalence of 9 . 0 per 1 , 000 population ( 95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 8 . 6-9 . 3 ) .
ASD prevalence per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years ranged from 4 . 2 in Florida to 12 . 1 in Arizona and Missouri , with prevalence for the majority of sites ranging between 7 . 6 and 10 . 4 .
For 2006 , ASD prevalence was significantly lower in Florida ( p<0 . 001 ) and Alabama ( p<0 . 05 ) and higher in Arizona and Missouri ( p<0 . 05 ) than in all other sites .
The ratio of males to females ranged from 3 . 2 : 1 in Alabama to 7 . 6 : 1 in Florida .
ASD prevalence varied by type of ascertainment source , with higher average prevalence in sites with access to health and education records ( 10 . 0 ) compared with sites with health records only ( 7 . 5 ) .
Although parental or professional concerns regarding development before age 36 months were noted in the evaluation records of the majority of children who were identified as having an ASD , the median age of earliest documented ASD diagnosis was much later ( range : 41 months [ Florida ] -60 months [ Colorado ] ) .
Of 10 sites that collected data for both the 2002 and 2006 surveillance years , nine observed an increase in ASD prevalence ( range : 27%-95% increase ; p<0 . 01 ) , with increases among males in all sites and among females in four of 11 sites , and variation among other subgroups .
INTERPRETATION : In 2006 , on average , approximately 1% or one child in every 110 in the 11 ADDM sites was classified as having an ASD ( approximate range : 1 : 80-1 : 240 children [ males : 1 : 70 ; females : 1 : 315 ] ) .
The average prevalence of ASDs identified among children aged 8 years increased 57% in 10 sites from the 2002 to the 2006 ADDM surveillance year .
Although improved ascertainment accounts for some of the prevalence increases documented in the ADDM sites , a true increase in the risk for children to develop ASD symptoms can not be ruled out .
On average , although delays in identification persisted , ASDs were being diagnosed by community professionals at earlier ages in 2006 than in 2002 .
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS : These results indicate an increased prevalence of identified ASDs among US children aged 8 years and underscore the need to regard ASDs as an urgent public health concern .
Continued monitoring is needed to document and understand changes over time , including the multiple ascertainment and potential risk factors likely to be contributing .
Research is needed to ascertain the factors that put certain persons at risk , and concerted efforts are essential to provide support for persons with ASDs , their families , and communities to improve long-term outcome .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: Children aged 8 years with a notation of an ASD or descriptions consistent with an ASD were identified through screening and abstraction of existing health and education records containing professional assessments of the childs developmental progress at health-care or education facilities .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: ASDs typically are apparent before age 3 years , with associated impairments affecting multiple areas of a persons life .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: Children aged 8 years whose parent ( s ) or legal guardian ( s ) resided in the respective areas in 2006 met the case definition for an ASD if their records documented behaviors consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edition , text revision ( DSM-IV-TR ) criteria for autistic disorder , pervasive developmental disorder--not otherwise specified ( PDD NOS ) , or Asperger disorder .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 2.00 ]: ASD prevalence varied by type of ascertainment source , with higher average prevalence in sites with access to health and education records ( 10 . 0 ) compared with sites with health records only ( 7 . 5 ) .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 2.00 ]: Although parental or professional concerns regarding development before age 36 months were noted in the evaluation records of the majority of children who were identified as having an ASD , the median age of earliest documented ASD diagnosis was much later ( range : 41 months [ Florida ] -60 months [ Colorado ] ) .
[ Sen. 21, subscore: 2.00 ]: Although improved ascertainment accounts for some of the prevalence increases documented in the ADDM sites , a true increase in the risk for children to develop ASD symptoms can not be ruled out .
[ Sen. 23, subscore: 2.00 ]: PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS : These results indicate an increased prevalence of identified ASDs among US children aged 8 years and underscore the need to regard ASDs as an urgent public health concern .
[ Sen. 25, subscore: 2.00 ]: Research is needed to ascertain the factors that put certain persons at risk , and concerted efforts are essential to provide support for persons with ASDs , their families , and communities to improve long-term outcome .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: PROBLEM/CONDITION : Autism spectrum disorders ( ASDs ) are a group of developmental disabilities characterized by atypical development in socialization , communication , and behavior .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Because no biologic marker exists for ASDs , identification is made by professionals who evaluate a childs developmental progress to identify the presence of developmental disorders .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The identified prevalence of ASDs in US children aged 8 years was estimated through a systematic retrospective review of evaluation records in multiple sites participating in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring ( ADDM ) Network .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: To analyze changes in identified ASD prevalence , CDC compared the 2006 data with data collected from 10 sites ( all sites noted above except Florida ) in 2002 .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Presence of an identified ASD was determined through a review of data abstracted from developmental evaluation records by trained clinician reviewers .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : For the 2006 surveillance year , 2 , 757 ( 0 . 9% ) of 307 , 790 children aged 8 years residing in the 11 ADDM sites were identified as having an ASD , indicating an overall average prevalence of 9 . 0 per 1 , 000 population ( 95% confidence interval [ CI ] = 8 . 6-9 . 3 ) .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: ASD prevalence per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years ranged from 4 . 2 in Florida to 12 . 1 in Arizona and Missouri , with prevalence for the majority of sites ranging between 7 . 6 and 10 . 4 .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: For 2006 , ASD prevalence was significantly lower in Florida ( p<0 . 001 ) and Alabama ( p<0 . 05 ) and higher in Arizona and Missouri ( p<0 . 05 ) than in all other sites .
[ Sen. 18, subscore: 1.00 ]: Of 10 sites that collected data for both the 2002 and 2006 surveillance years , nine observed an increase in ASD prevalence ( range : 27%-95% increase ; p<0 . 01 ) , with increases among males in all sites and among females in four of 11 sites , and variation among other subgroups .
[ Sen. 19, subscore: 1.00 ]: INTERPRETATION : In 2006 , on average , approximately 1% or one child in every 110 in the 11 ADDM sites was classified as having an ASD ( approximate range : 1 : 80-1 : 240 children [ males : 1 : 70 ; females : 1 : 315 ] ) .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 1.00 ]: The average prevalence of ASDs identified among children aged 8 years increased 57% in 10 sites from the 2002 to the 2006 ADDM surveillance year .
[ Sen. 22, subscore: 1.00 ]: On average , although delays in identification persisted , ASDs were being diagnosed by community professionals at earlier ages in 2006 than in 2002 .
[ Sen. 24, subscore: 1.00 ]: Continued monitoring is needed to document and understand changes over time , including the multiple ascertainment and potential risk factors likely to be contributing .
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Score: 30.00 |
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| Title: Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders--Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network , 14 sites , United States , 2008 .
| | Author: | | Journal: MMWR Surveill Summ Citation: V : 61 P : 1-19 Year: 2012 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22456193 Accession (PMID): 22456193 | | Abstract: PROBLEM/CONDITION : Autism spectrum disorders ( ASDs ) are a group of developmental disabilities characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and by restricted , repetitive , and stereotyped patterns of behavior .
Symptoms typically are apparent before age 3 years .
The complex nature of these disorders , coupled with a lack of biologic markers for diagnosis and changes in clinical definitions over time , creates challenges in monitoring the prevalence of ASDs .
Accurate reporting of data is essential to understand the prevalence of ASDs in the population and can help direct research .
PERIOD COVERED : 2008 .
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM : The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring ( ADDM ) Network is an active surveillance system that estimates the prevalence of ASDs and describes other characteristics among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians reside within 14 ADDM sites in the United States .
ADDM does not rely on professional or family reporting of an existing ASD diagnosis or classification to ascertain case status .
Instead , information is obtained from childrens evaluation records to determine the presence of ASD symptoms at any time from birth through the end of the year when the child reaches age 8 years .
ADDM focuses on children aged 8 years because a baseline study conducted by CDC demonstrated that this is the age of identified peak prevalence .
A child is included as meeting the surveillance case definition for an ASD if he or she displays behaviors ( as described on a comprehensive evaluation completed by a qualified professional ) consistent with the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV , Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR ) diagnostic criteria for any of the following conditions : Autistic Disorder ; Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified ( PDD-NOS , including Atypical Autism ) ; or Asperger Disorder .
The first phase of the ADDM methodology involves screening and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations completed by professional providers at multiple data sources in the community .
Multiple data sources are included , ranging from general pediatric health clinics to specialized programs for children with developmental disabilities .
In addition , many ADDM sites also review and abstract records of children receiving special education services in public schools .
In the second phase of the study , all abstracted evaluations are reviewed by trained clinicians to determine ASD case status .
Because the case definition and surveillance methods have remained consistent across all ADDM surveillance years to date , comparisons to results for earlier surveillance years can be made .
This report provides updated ASD prevalence estimates from the 2008 surveillance year , representing 14 ADDM areas in the United States .
In addition to prevalence estimates , characteristics of the population of children with ASDs are described , as well as detailed comparisons of the 2008 surveillance year findings with those for the 2002 and 2006 surveillance years .
RESULTS : For 2008 , the overall estimated prevalence of ASDs among the 14 ADDM sites was 11 . 3 per 1 , 000 ( one in 88 ) children aged 8 years who were living in these communities during 2008 .
Overall ASD prevalence estimates varied widely across all sites ( range : 4 . 8-21 . 2 per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years ) .
ASD prevalence estimates also varied widely by sex and by racial/ethnic group .
Approximately one in 54 boys and one in 252 girls living in the ADDM Network communities were identified as having ASDs .
Comparison of 2008 findings with those for earlier surveillance years indicated an increase in estimated ASD prevalence of 23% when the 2008 data were compared with the data for 2006 ( from 9 . 0 per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years in 2006 to 11 . 0 in 2008 for the 11 sites that provided data for both surveillance years ) and an estimated increase of 78% when the 2008 data were compared with the data for 2002 ( from 6 . 4 per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years in 2002 to 11 . 4 in 2008 for the 13 sites that provided data for both surveillance years ) .
Because the ADDM Network sites do not make up a nationally representative sample , these combined prevalence estimates should not be generalized to the United States as a whole .
INTERPRETATION : These data confirm that the estimated prevalence of ASDs identified in the ADDM network surveillance populations continues to increase .
The extent to which these increases reflect better case ascertainment as a result of increases in awareness and access to services or true increases in prevalence of ASD symptoms is not known .
ASDs continue to be an important public health concern in the United States , underscoring the need for continued resources to identify potential risk factors and to provide essential supports for persons with ASDs and their families .
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION : Given substantial increases in ASD prevalence estimates over a relatively short period , overall and within various subgroups of the population , continued monitoring is needed to quantify and understand these patterns .
With 5 biennial surveillance years completed in the past decade , the ADDM Network continues to monitor prevalence and characteristics of ASDs and other developmental disabilities for the 2010 surveillance year .
Further work is needed to evaluate multiple factors contributing to increases in estimated ASD prevalence over time .
ADDM Network investigators continue to explore these factors , with a focus on understanding disparities in the identification of ASDs among certain subgroups and on how these disparities have contributed to changes in the estimated prevalence of ASDs .
CDC is partnering with other federal and private partners in a coordinated response to identify risk factors for ASDs and to meet the needs of persons with ASDs and their families .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 3.00 ]: A child is included as meeting the surveillance case definition for an ASD if he or she displays behaviors ( as described on a comprehensive evaluation completed by a qualified professional ) consistent with the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV , Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR ) diagnostic criteria for any of the following conditions : Autistic Disorder ; Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified ( PDD-NOS , including Atypical Autism ) ; or Asperger Disorder .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 2.00 ]: ADDM does not rely on professional or family reporting of an existing ASD diagnosis or classification to ascertain case status .
[ Sen. 25, subscore: 2.00 ]: The extent to which these increases reflect better case ascertainment as a result of increases in awareness and access to services or true increases in prevalence of ASD symptoms is not known .
[ Sen. 26, subscore: 2.00 ]: ASDs continue to be an important public health concern in the United States , underscoring the need for continued resources to identify potential risk factors and to provide essential supports for persons with ASDs and their families .
[ Sen. 30, subscore: 2.00 ]: ADDM Network investigators continue to explore these factors , with a focus on understanding disparities in the identification of ASDs among certain subgroups and on how these disparities have contributed to changes in the estimated prevalence of ASDs .
[ Sen. 31, subscore: 2.00 ]: CDC is partnering with other federal and private partners in a coordinated response to identify risk factors for ASDs and to meet the needs of persons with ASDs and their families .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: PROBLEM/CONDITION : Autism spectrum disorders ( ASDs ) are a group of developmental disabilities characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and by restricted , repetitive , and stereotyped patterns of behavior .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: The complex nature of these disorders , coupled with a lack of biologic markers for diagnosis and changes in clinical definitions over time , creates challenges in monitoring the prevalence of ASDs .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Accurate reporting of data is essential to understand the prevalence of ASDs in the population and can help direct research .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM : The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring ( ADDM ) Network is an active surveillance system that estimates the prevalence of ASDs and describes other characteristics among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians reside within 14 ADDM sites in the United States .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Instead , information is obtained from childrens evaluation records to determine the presence of ASD symptoms at any time from birth through the end of the year when the child reaches age 8 years .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 1.00 ]: In the second phase of the study , all abstracted evaluations are reviewed by trained clinicians to determine ASD case status .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 1.00 ]: This report provides updated ASD prevalence estimates from the 2008 surveillance year , representing 14 ADDM areas in the United States .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition to prevalence estimates , characteristics of the population of children with ASDs are described , as well as detailed comparisons of the 2008 surveillance year findings with those for the 2002 and 2006 surveillance years .
[ Sen. 18, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : For 2008 , the overall estimated prevalence of ASDs among the 14 ADDM sites was 11 . 3 per 1 , 000 ( one in 88 ) children aged 8 years who were living in these communities during 2008 .
[ Sen. 19, subscore: 1.00 ]: Overall ASD prevalence estimates varied widely across all sites ( range : 4 . 8-21 . 2 per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years ) .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 1.00 ]: ASD prevalence estimates also varied widely by sex and by racial/ethnic group .
[ Sen. 21, subscore: 1.00 ]: Approximately one in 54 boys and one in 252 girls living in the ADDM Network communities were identified as having ASDs .
[ Sen. 22, subscore: 1.00 ]: Comparison of 2008 findings with those for earlier surveillance years indicated an increase in estimated ASD prevalence of 23% when the 2008 data were compared with the data for 2006 ( from 9 . 0 per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years in 2006 to 11 . 0 in 2008 for the 11 sites that provided data for both surveillance years ) and an estimated increase of 78% when the 2008 data were compared with the data for 2002 ( from 6 . 4 per 1 , 000 children aged 8 years in 2002 to 11 . 4 in 2008 for the 13 sites that provided data for both surveillance years ) .
[ Sen. 24, subscore: 1.00 ]: INTERPRETATION : These data confirm that the estimated prevalence of ASDs identified in the ADDM network surveillance populations continues to increase .
[ Sen. 27, subscore: 1.00 ]: PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION : Given substantial increases in ASD prevalence estimates over a relatively short period , overall and within various subgroups of the population , continued monitoring is needed to quantify and understand these patterns .
[ Sen. 28, subscore: 1.00 ]: With 5 biennial surveillance years completed in the past decade , the ADDM Network continues to monitor prevalence and characteristics of ASDs and other developmental disabilities for the 2010 surveillance year .
[ Sen. 29, subscore: 1.00 ]: Further work is needed to evaluate multiple factors contributing to increases in estimated ASD prevalence over time .
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Score: 23.00 |
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| Title: Candidatus Phytoplasma , a taxon for the wall-less , non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects .
| | Author: . | | Journal: Int .
J Syst Evol Microbiol .
Citation: V : 54 ( Pt 4 ) P : 1243-55 Year: 2004 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub15280299 Accession (PMID): 15280299 | | Abstract: The trivial name phytoplasma has been adopted to collectively name wall-less , non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects , which were formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms .
Although phytoplasmas have not yet been cultivated in vitro , phylogenetic analyses based on various conserved genes have shown that they represent a distinct , monophyletic clade within the class Mollicutes .
It is proposed here to accommodate phytoplasmas within the novel genus Candidatus ( Ca . ) Phytoplasma .
Given the diversity within Ca .
Phytoplasma , several subtaxa are needed to accommodate organisms that share <97 . 5% similarity among their 16S rRNA gene sequences .
This report describes the properties of Ca .
Phytoplasma , a taxon that includes the species Ca .
Phytoplasma aurantifolia ( the prokaryote associated with witches-broom disease of small-fruited acid lime ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma australiense ( associated with Australian grapevine yellows ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma fraxini ( associated with ash yellows ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma japonicum ( associated with Japanese hydrangea phyllody ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma brasiliense ( associated with hibiscus witches-broom in Brazil ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma castaneae ( associated with chestnut witches-broom in Korea ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma asteris ( associated with aster yellows ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma mali ( associated with apple proliferation ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma phoenicium ( associated with almond lethal disease ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma trifolii ( associated with clover proliferation ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma cynodontis ( associated with Bermuda grass white leaf ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma ziziphi ( associated with jujube witches-broom ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma oryzae ( associated with rice yellow dwarf ) and six species-level taxa for which the Candidatus species designation has not yet been formally proposed ( for the phytoplasmas associated with X-disease of peach , grapevine flavescence dore , Central American coconut lethal yellows , Tanzanian lethal decline of coconut , Nigerian lethal decline of coconut and loofah witches-broom , respectively ) .
Additional species are needed to accommodate organisms that , despite their 16S rRNA gene sequence being >97 . 5% similar to those of other Ca .
Phytoplasma species , are characterized by distinctive biological , phytopathological and genetic properties .
These include Ca .
Phytoplasma pyri ( associated with pear decline ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma prunorum ( associated with European stone fruit yellows ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma spartii ( associated with spartium witches-broom ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma rhamni ( associated with buckthorn witches-broom ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma allocasuarinae ( associated with allocasuarina yellows ) , Ca .
Phytoplasma ulmi ( associated with elm yellows ) and an additional taxon for the stolbur phytoplasma .
Conversely , some organisms , despite their 16S rRNA gene sequence being <97 . 5% similar to that of any other Ca .
Phytoplasma species , are not presently described as Candidatus species , due to their poor overall characterization .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 3.00 ]: Phytoplasma asteris ( associated with aster yellows ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 2.00 ]: Phytoplasma fraxini ( associated with ash yellows ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 20, subscore: 2.00 ]: Phytoplasma oryzae ( associated with rice yellow dwarf ) and six species-level taxa for which the Candidatus species designation has not yet been formally proposed ( for the phytoplasmas associated with X-disease of peach , grapevine flavescence dore , Central American coconut lethal yellows , Tanzanian lethal decline of coconut , Nigerian lethal decline of coconut and loofah witches-broom , respectively ) .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma aurantifolia ( the prokaryote associated with witches-broom disease of small-fruited acid lime ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma australiense ( associated with Australian grapevine yellows ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma japonicum ( associated with Japanese hydrangea phyllody ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma brasiliense ( associated with hibiscus witches-broom in Brazil ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma castaneae ( associated with chestnut witches-broom in Korea ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma mali ( associated with apple proliferation ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 16, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma phoenicium ( associated with almond lethal disease ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 17, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma trifolii ( associated with clover proliferation ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 18, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma cynodontis ( associated with Bermuda grass white leaf ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 19, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma ziziphi ( associated with jujube witches-broom ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 24, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma pyri ( associated with pear decline ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 25, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma prunorum ( associated with European stone fruit yellows ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 26, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma spartii ( associated with spartium witches-broom ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 27, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma rhamni ( associated with buckthorn witches-broom ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 28, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma allocasuarinae ( associated with allocasuarina yellows ) , Ca .
[ Sen. 29, subscore: 1.00 ]: Phytoplasma ulmi ( associated with elm yellows ) and an additional taxon for the stolbur phytoplasma .
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Score: 17.00 |
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| Title: Racial and ethnic differences in adult asthma prevalence , problems , and medical care .
| | Author: Gorman BK Chu M | | Journal: Ethn Health Citation: V : 14 P : 527-52 Year: 2009 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub19533477 Accession (PMID): 19533477 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVES : We document the extent to which racial and ethnic differences exist in asthma prevalence among US adults , and among asthmatic adults , we document racial differences in asthma problems and asthma-related medical care .
We also explore potential explanations for racial and ethnic disparities in each outcome .
DESIGN : Using data on a 24-state sample of white , black , Hispanic , Asian , and Native American adults from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System , we examine race/ethnic differences in asthma prevalence , problems ( had an asthma attack last year ; asthma symptoms ; sleep difficulties ; activities limited because of asthma ) , and asthma-related medical care ( number of routine doctor visits ; medication use ; urgent doctor visits ; visited an emergency room for asthma-related care last year ) .
We then explore whether any observed disparities are due to differences in demographic characteristics , socioeconomic status , health behavior , and environmental conditions across racial/ethnic groups .
RESULTS : Asthma prevalence is lowest among Asian and Hispanic adults , and highest among black and Native American adults .
Considerable racial/ethnic differences in asthma-related problems and medical care are also present , with Asians doing as well or better than whites , while blacks , Hispanics , and especially Native Americans report more asthma-related problems and medical care use .
For some groups ( ie , Asians and Hispanics ) , we were mostly unable to explain away observed differences with white adults with adjustment for potential explanatory mechanisms , while for other groups ( ie , blacks and Native Americans ) adjusting for socioeconomic status and air quality accounted for much of the observed disparity with whites .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 7.00 ]: DESIGN : Using data on a 24-state sample of white , black , Hispanic , Asian , and Native American adults from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System , we examine race/ethnic differences in asthma prevalence , problems ( had an asthma attack last year ; asthma symptoms ; sleep difficulties ; activities limited because of asthma ) , and asthma-related medical care ( number of routine doctor visits ; medication use ; urgent doctor visits ; visited an emergency room for asthma-related care last year ) .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 4.00 ]: OBJECTIVES : We document the extent to which racial and ethnic differences exist in asthma prevalence among US adults , and among asthmatic adults , we document racial differences in asthma problems and asthma-related medical care .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 3.00 ]: Considerable racial/ethnic differences in asthma-related problems and medical care are also present , with Asians doing as well or better than whites , while blacks , Hispanics , and especially Native Americans report more asthma-related problems and medical care use .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: RESULTS : Asthma prevalence is lowest among Asian and Hispanic adults , and highest among black and Native American adults .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: For some groups ( ie , Asians and Hispanics ) , we were mostly unable to explain away observed differences with white adults with adjustment for potential explanatory mechanisms , while for other groups ( ie , blacks and Native Americans ) adjusting for socioeconomic status and air quality accounted for much of the observed disparity with whites .
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Score: 16.00 |
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| Title: Retention of autism spectrum diagnoses by community professionals : findings from the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network , 2000 and 2006 .
| | Author: Wiggins LD Baio J Schieve L Lee LC Nicholas J Rice CE | | Journal: J Dev Behav Pediatr Citation: V : 33 P : 387-95 Year: 2012 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22580734 Accession (PMID): 22580734 | | Abstract: OBJECTIVE : Past research is inconsistent in the stability of autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) diagnoses .
The authors therefore sought to examine the proportion of children identified from a population-based surveillance system that had a change in classification from ASD to non-ASD and factors associated with such changes .
METHODS : Children with a documented age of first ASD diagnosis noted in surveillance records by a community professional ( n = 1392 ) were identified from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network .
Children were considered to have a change in classification if an ASD was excluded after the age of first recorded ASD diagnosis .
Child and surveillance factors were entered into a multivariable regression model to determine factors associated with diagnostic change .
RESULTS : Only 4% of our sample had a change in classification from ASD to non-ASD noted in evaluation records .
Factors associated with change in classification from ASD to non-ASD were timing of first ASD diagnosis at 30 months or younger , onset other than developmental regression , presence of specific developmental delays , and participation in a special needs classroom other than autism at 8 years of age .
CONCLUSIONS : Our results found that children with ASDs are likely to retain an ASD diagnosis , which underscores the need for continued services .
Children diagnosed at 30 months or younger are more likely to experience a change in classification from ASD to non-ASD than children diagnosed at 31 months or older , suggesting earlier identification of ASD symptoms may be associated with response to intervention efforts or increased likelihood for overdiagnosis .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 3.00 ]: Factors associated with change in classification from ASD to non-ASD were timing of first ASD diagnosis at 30 months or younger , onset other than developmental regression , presence of specific developmental delays , and participation in a special needs classroom other than autism at 8 years of age .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 3.00 ]: Children diagnosed at 30 months or younger are more likely to experience a change in classification from ASD to non-ASD than children diagnosed at 31 months or older , suggesting earlier identification of ASD symptoms may be associated with response to intervention efforts or increased likelihood for overdiagnosis .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 2.00 ]: The authors therefore sought to examine the proportion of children identified from a population-based surveillance system that had a change in classification from ASD to non-ASD and factors associated with such changes .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: Children were considered to have a change in classification if an ASD was excluded after the age of first recorded ASD diagnosis .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: CONCLUSIONS : Our results found that children with ASDs are likely to retain an ASD diagnosis , which underscores the need for continued services .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: OBJECTIVE : Past research is inconsistent in the stability of autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) diagnoses .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: METHODS : Children with a documented age of first ASD diagnosis noted in surveillance records by a community professional ( n = 1392 ) were identified from the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: Child and surveillance factors were entered into a multivariable regression model to determine factors associated with diagnostic change .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: RESULTS : Only 4% of our sample had a change in classification from ASD to non-ASD noted in evaluation records .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Comparative sequence and genetic analyses of asparagus BACs reveal no microsynteny with onion or rice .
| | Author: Jakse J Telgmann A Jung C Khar A Melgar S Cheung F Town CD Havey MJ .
| | Journal: Theor . Appl . Genet . Citation: V : 114 ( 1 ) P : 31-9 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub17016688 Accession (PMID): 17016688 | | Abstract: The Poales ( includes the grasses ) and Asparagales [ includes onion ( Allium cepa L ) and asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L ) ] are the two most economically important monocot orders .
The Poales are a member of the commelinoid monocots , a group of orders sister to the Asparagales .
Comparative genomic analyses have revealed a high degree of synteny among the grasses ; however , it is not known if this synteny extends to other major monocot groups such as the Asparagales .
Although we previously reported no evidence for synteny at the recombinational level between onion and rice , microsynteny may exist across shorter genomic regions in the grasses and Asparagales .
We sequenced nine asparagus BACs to reveal physically linked genic-like sequences and determined their most similar positions in the onion and rice genomes .
Four of the asparagus BACs were selected using molecular markers tightly linked to the sex-determining M locus on chromosome 5 of asparagus .
These BACs possessed only two putative coding regions and had long tracts of degenerated retroviral elements and transposons .
Five asparagus BACs were selected after hybridization of three onion cDNAs that mapped to three different onion chromosomes .
Genic-like sequences that were physically linked on the cDNA-selected BACs or genetically linked on the M-linked BACs showed significant similarities ( e < -20 ) to expressed sequences on different rice chromosomes , revealing no evidence for microsynteny between asparagus and rice across these regions .
Genic-like sequences that were linked in asparagus were used to identify highly similar ( e < -20 ) expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) of onion .
These onion ESTs mapped to different onion chromosomes and no relationship was observed between physical or genetic linkages in asparagus and genetic linkages in onion .
These results further indicate that synteny among grass genomes does not extend to a sister order in the monocots and that asparagus may not be an appropriate smaller genome model for plants in the Asparagales with enormous nuclear genomes .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 3.00 ]: The Poales ( includes the grasses ) and Asparagales [ includes onion ( Allium cepa L ) and asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L ) ] are the two most economically important monocot orders .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 2.00 ]: Four of the asparagus BACs were selected using molecular markers tightly linked to the sex-determining M locus on chromosome 5 of asparagus .
[ Sen. 12, subscore: 2.00 ]: These results further indicate that synteny among grass genomes does not extend to a sister order in the monocots and that asparagus may not be an appropriate smaller genome model for plants in the Asparagales with enormous nuclear genomes .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: The Poales are a member of the commelinoid monocots , a group of orders sister to the Asparagales .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Comparative genomic analyses have revealed a high degree of synteny among the grasses ; however , it is not known if this synteny extends to other major monocot groups such as the Asparagales .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Although we previously reported no evidence for synteny at the recombinational level between onion and rice , microsynteny may exist across shorter genomic regions in the grasses and Asparagales .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: We sequenced nine asparagus BACs to reveal physically linked genic-like sequences and determined their most similar positions in the onion and rice genomes .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Five asparagus BACs were selected after hybridization of three onion cDNAs that mapped to three different onion chromosomes .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Genic-like sequences that were physically linked on the cDNA-selected BACs or genetically linked on the M-linked BACs showed significant similarities ( e < -20 ) to expressed sequences on different rice chromosomes , revealing no evidence for microsynteny between asparagus and rice across these regions .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Genic-like sequences that were linked in asparagus were used to identify highly similar ( e < -20 ) expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) of onion .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: These onion ESTs mapped to different onion chromosomes and no relationship was observed between physical or genetic linkages in asparagus and genetic linkages in onion .
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Score: 15.00 |
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| Title: Risk factors for development of asthma in Thai adults in Phitsanulok : a university-based study .
| | Author: Uthaisangsook S | | Journal: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol Citation: V : 28 P : 23-8 Year: 2010 Type: MEDLINE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub20527512 Accession (PMID): 20527512 | | Abstract: Studies have shown that asthma in children is caused by environmental and genetic factors .
In adult asthma , risk factors were less well recognized .
Likewise , in Thailand , data in adult asthma is limited .
This study aimed to evaluate risk factors , determine skin reactivities to allergens , and assess concomitant allergy among adult asthma in Phitsanulok , a major city in the lower northern Thailand .
Five hundred and thirteen Naresuan University staff members and students completed 2 sets of questionnaires and underwent allergy skin prick tests .
The first set of questionnaires was standardized Thai version of ISAAC questionnaire for identifying asthma , allergic rhinitis , and atopic eczema .
The second set was modified from ISAAC phase II questionnaire to identify asthma risk factors .
Fifty-eight subjects ( 11 . 6% ) were identified as having physicians diagnosed asthma and 89 subjects ( 17 . 7% ) wheezed in the past 12 months .
Among 89 subjects , 14 . 4% wheezed more than once a month , 45 . 6% had wheezes interfering with sleep .
Concomitant allergic rhinitis , rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema among these asthma subjects were 82 . 5% , 67 . 9% , and 14 . 9% , respectively .
Eighty seven point nine percent of asthmatic subjects had positive skin reactivities to at least one allergen .
Two of the most common allergens were house dust mites and cockroaches .
Maternal smoking during pregnancy , smoking among family members , and family history of allergy were statistically significant risks for developing asthma , while having a rice field around the residence represented a significant protective factor .
In conclusion , high prevalence of asthma presented in Phitsanulok and many asthmatic subjects were partly controlled or uncontrolled .
The environment such as a rice field could protect against asthma , however atopy and smoking exposure were significant risks for asthma development | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: This study aimed to evaluate risk factors , determine skin reactivities to allergens , and assess concomitant allergy among adult asthma in Phitsanulok , a major city in the lower northern Thailand .
[ Sen. 14, subscore: 2.00 ]: In conclusion , high prevalence of asthma presented in Phitsanulok and many asthmatic subjects were partly controlled or uncontrolled .
[ Sen. 15, subscore: 2.00 ]: The environment such as a rice field could protect against asthma , however atopy and smoking exposure were significant risks for asthma development
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: Studies have shown that asthma in children is caused by environmental and genetic factors .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: In adult asthma , risk factors were less well recognized .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: Likewise , in Thailand , data in adult asthma is limited .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: The first set of questionnaires was standardized Thai version of ISAAC questionnaire for identifying asthma , allergic rhinitis , and atopic eczema .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The second set was modified from ISAAC phase II questionnaire to identify asthma risk factors .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 1.00 ]: Fifty-eight subjects ( 11 . 6% ) were identified as having physicians diagnosed asthma and 89 subjects ( 17 . 7% ) wheezed in the past 12 months .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: Concomitant allergic rhinitis , rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema among these asthma subjects were 82 . 5% , 67 . 9% , and 14 . 9% , respectively .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Eighty seven point nine percent of asthmatic subjects had positive skin reactivities to at least one allergen .
[ Sen. 13, subscore: 1.00 ]: Maternal smoking during pregnancy , smoking among family members , and family history of allergy were statistically significant risks for developing asthma , while having a rice field around the residence represented a significant protective factor .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Evolutionary history of the Asr gene family .
| | Author: Frankel N Carrari F Hasson E Iusem ND .
| | Journal: Gene Citation: V : 378 ( ) P : 74-83 Year: 2006 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub16822623 Accession (PMID): 16822623 | | Abstract: The Asr gene family is widespread in higher plants .
Most Asr genes are up-regulated under different environmental stress conditions and during fruit ripening .
ASR proteins are localized in the nucleus and their likely function is transcriptional regulation .
In cultivated tomato , we identified a novel fourth family member , named Asr4 , which maps close to its sibling genes Asr1-Asr2-Asr3 and displays an unshared region coding for a domain containing a 13-amino acid repeat .
In this work we were able to expand our previous analysis for Asr2 and investigated the coding regions of the four known Asr paralogous genes in seven tomato species from different geographic locations .
In addition , we performed a phylogenetic analysis on ASR proteins .
The first conclusion drawn from this work is that tomato ASR proteins cluster together in the tree .
This observation can be explained by a scenario of concerted evolution or birth and death of genes .
Secondly , our study showed that Asr1 is highly conserved at both replacement and synonymous sites within the genus Lycopersicon .
ASR1 protein sequence conservation might be associated with its multiple functions in different it issues while the low rate of synonymous substitutions suggests that silent variation in Asr1 is selectively constrained , which is probably related to its high expression levels .
Finally , we found that Asr1 activation under water stress is not conserved between Lycopersicon species . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 3.00 ]: ASR1 protein sequence conservation might be associated with its multiple functions in different it issues while the low rate of synonymous substitutions suggests that silent variation in Asr1 is selectively constrained , which is probably related to its high expression levels .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 2.00 ]: In cultivated tomato , we identified a novel fourth family member , named Asr4 , which maps close to its sibling genes Asr1-Asr2-Asr3 and displays an unshared region coding for a domain containing a 13-amino acid repeat .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: In this work we were able to expand our previous analysis for Asr2 and investigated the coding regions of the four known Asr paralogous genes in seven tomato species from different geographic locations .
[ Sen. 1, subscore: 1.00 ]: The Asr gene family is widespread in higher plants .
[ Sen. 2, subscore: 1.00 ]: Most Asr genes are up-regulated under different environmental stress conditions and during fruit ripening .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: ASR proteins are localized in the nucleus and their likely function is transcriptional regulation .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: In addition , we performed a phylogenetic analysis on ASR proteins .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: The first conclusion drawn from this work is that tomato ASR proteins cluster together in the tree .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Secondly , our study showed that Asr1 is highly conserved at both replacement and synonymous sites within the genus Lycopersicon .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Finally , we found that Asr1 activation under water stress is not conserved between Lycopersicon species .
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Score: 14.00 |
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| Title: Overexpression of the aspartic protease ASPG1 gene confers drought avoidance in Arabidopsis .
| | Author: Yao X Xiong W Ye T Wu Y | | Journal: J Exp Bot Citation: V : 63 P : 2579-93 Year: 2012 Type: In-Process | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub22268147 Accession (PMID): 22268147 | | Abstract: Drought is one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting plant growth and limiting crop production .
Although many genes involved in adaptation to drought stress have been disclosed , the relevant molecular mechanisms are far from understood .
This study describes an Arabidopsis gene , ASPG1 ( ASPARTIC PROTEASE IN GUARD CELL 1 ) , that may function in drought avoidance through abscisic acid ( ABA ) signalling in guard cells .
Overexpression of the ASPG1 gene enhanced ABA sensitivity in guard cells and reduced water loss in ectopically overexpressing ASPG1 ( ASPG1-OE ) transgenic plants .
In ASPG1-OE plants , some downstream targets in ABA and/or drought-signalling pathways were altered at various levels , suggesting the involvement of ASPG1 in ABA-dependent drought avoidance in Arabidopsis .
By analysing the activities of several antioxidases including superoxide dismutase and catalase in ASPG1-OE plants , the existence was demonstrated of an effective detoxification system for drought avoidance in these plants .
Analysis of ProASPG1-GUS lines showed a predominant guard cell expression pattern in various aerial it issues .
Moreover , the protease activity of ASPG1 was characterized in vitro , and two aspartic acid sites , D180 and D379 , were found to be key residues for ASPG1 aspartic protease activity in response to ABA .
In summary , these findings suggest that functional ASPG1 may be involved in ABA-dependent responsiveness and that overexpression of the ASPG1 gene can confer drought avoidance in Arabidopsis .
| Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 4.00 ]: Moreover , the protease activity of ASPG1 was characterized in vitro , and two aspartic acid sites , D180 and D379 , were found to be key residues for ASPG1 aspartic protease activity in response to ABA .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 3.00 ]: Overexpression of the ASPG1 gene enhanced ABA sensitivity in guard cells and reduced water loss in ectopically overexpressing ASPG1 ( ASPG1-OE ) transgenic plants .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 2.00 ]: This study describes an Arabidopsis gene , ASPG1 ( ASPARTIC PROTEASE IN GUARD CELL 1 ) , that may function in drought avoidance through abscisic acid ( ABA ) signalling in guard cells .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 2.00 ]: In ASPG1-OE plants , some downstream targets in ABA and/or drought-signalling pathways were altered at various levels , suggesting the involvement of ASPG1 in ABA-dependent drought avoidance in Arabidopsis .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 2.00 ]: In summary , these findings suggest that functional ASPG1 may be involved in ABA-dependent responsiveness and that overexpression of the ASPG1 gene can confer drought avoidance in Arabidopsis .
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 1.00 ]: By analysing the activities of several antioxidases including superoxide dismutase and catalase in ASPG1-OE plants , the existence was demonstrated of an effective detoxification system for drought avoidance in these plants .
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Score: 13.00 |
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| Title: Enhanced pesticide sorption by soils containing particulate matter from crop residue burns .
| | Author: Yang Y Sheng G | | Journal: Environ . Sci . Technol . Citation: V : 37 ( 16 ) P : 3635-9 Year: 2003 Type: ARTICLE | | Literature: oryza Field: abstract Doc ID: pub12953876 Accession (PMID): 12953876 | | Abstract: Lack of proper techniques to isolate black carbon ( BC ) from soils has hindered the understanding of their roles in the sorption and environmental fate of organic contaminants in soils and sediments .
The burning of crop residues may be the primary source of BC in agricultural soils .
In this study , wheat ( Triticum aestivum L ) and rice ( Oryza sativa L ) residues were burned , and the resulting particulate matter ( ashes ) along with a soil were used to sorb diuron from water .
Calculations indicated that the burning of crop residues may result in an appreciable level of ashes in soils .
The diuron sorption isotherms on ashes were curvilinear Langmuir type , suggestive of surface adsorption and similar to that with activated carbon .
Ashes were 400-2500 times more effective than soil in sorbing diuron over the concentration range of 0-6 mg/L Sorption by wheat ash-amended soils and the degree of isotherm nonlinearity increased with increasing ash content from 0% to 1% ( weight ) , indicating the significant contribution of wheat ash to the sorption .
Calculations show that wheat ash and soil independently contributed to the sorption .
Above the wheat ash content of 0 . 05% , the sorption was largely controlled by the ash .
Density-based fractionation and repeated HCI-HF washing of wheat ash yielded carbon-enriched fractions and enhanced diuron sorption by these fractions .
BC appeared primarily responsible for the high adsorptivity of ashes .
Ashes arising from the burning of crop residues may be an important determinant of pesticide immobilization and environmental fate in soils . | Matching Sentences:
[ Sen. 6, subscore: 4.00 ]: Ashes were 400-2500 times more effective than soil in sorbing diuron over the concentration range of 0-6 mg/L Sorption by wheat ash-amended soils and the degree of isotherm nonlinearity increased with increasing ash content from 0% to 1% ( weight ) , indicating the significant contribution of wheat ash to the sorption .
[ Sen. 8, subscore: 2.00 ]: Above the wheat ash content of 0 . 05% , the sorption was largely controlled by the ash .
[ Sen. 3, subscore: 1.00 ]: In this study , wheat ( Triticum aestivum L ) and rice ( Oryza sativa L ) residues were burned , and the resulting particulate matter ( ashes ) along with a soil were used to sorb diuron from water .
[ Sen. 4, subscore: 1.00 ]: Calculations indicated that the burning of crop residues may result in an appreciable level of ashes in soils .
[ Sen. 5, subscore: 1.00 ]: The diuron sorption isotherms on ashes were curvilinear Langmuir type , suggestive of surface adsorption and similar to that with activated carbon .
[ Sen. 7, subscore: 1.00 ]: Calculations show that wheat ash and soil independently contributed to the sorption .
[ Sen. 9, subscore: 1.00 ]: Density-based fractionation and repeated HCI-HF washing of wheat ash yielded carbon-enriched fractions and enhanced diuron sorption by these fractions .
[ Sen. 10, subscore: 1.00 ]: BC appeared primarily responsible for the high adsorptivity of ashes .
[ Sen. 11, subscore: 1.00 ]: Ashes arising from the burning of crop residues may be an important determinant of pesticide immobilization and environmental fate in soils .
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